Methods and apparatus for lossless data hiding

ABSTRACT

Methods and apparatus are provided for subjecting an original, pixel domain image to an Integer Wavelet Transform (IWT) to obtain a matrix of wavelet coefficients; selecting at least one bit plane between a least significant bit plane and a most significant bit plane of the matrix of wavelet coefficients; compressing the at least one selected bit plane to produce free space in the at least one selected bit plane; embedding hidden data in the free space of the at least one compressed bit plane; and subjecting the at least one embedded bit plane to an Inverse IWT to produce a marked pixel domain image. Methods and apparatus are also provided for reversing this process.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 60/434,088, entitled Lossless Image Data Hiding, byinventors Yun-Qing Shi and Guorong Xuan, filed Dec. 17, 2002, the entiredisclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND

This application is directed to methods and apparatus for data hiding inan image and, more particularly, to lossless data hiding using theinteger wavelet transform.

In the field of data hiding, pieces of information represented by thedata are hidden in the cover media (e.g., a pixel image). In someapplications, people care about whether the embedded data areperceptible with the cover media. That is, the hidden data and the covermedia may be closely related. For this type of data embedding, it may bedesirable to invert the marked media back to the original cover mediaafter the hidden data have been retrieved. For example, perceptualtransparency and inversion of marked media may be desirable forapplications such as medical diagnosis and law enforcement. The markingtechniques satisfying these requirements are referred to as lossless,distortion-free, and reversible or invertible data hiding techniques.

Although most of the current digital watermarking algorithms are notlossless, some recent marking techniques have been reported as beinglossless. For example, two methods carried out in the image spatialdomain purport to be lossless. The details of these methods may be foundin U.S. Pat. No. 6,278,791 (the entire disclosure of which is herebyincorporated by reference) and J. Fridrich, M. Goljan and R. Du,“Invertible Authentication,” Proc. SPIE, Security and Watermarking ofMultimedia Contents, pp. 197-208, San Jose, Calif., (January 2001). Apurportedly lossless marking technique has also been developed in thetransform domain, as is discussed in detail in B. Macq and F. Deweyand,“Trusted Headers For Medical Images,” DFG VIII-D II WatermarkingWorkshop, Erlangen, Germany, (October 1999). As these techniques aredirected toward data authentication, instead of data embedding, theamount of hidden data that may be achieved is quite limited. Anotherlossless marking technique that may be suitable for some higherquantities of data embedding has also been developed and is discussed indetail in U.S. patent application No.: 2003/0081809 (the entiredisclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference). The amount ofhidden data achievable by this technique, however, is still not largeenough for many applications, such as medical applications. Indeed, thepay-load ranges from 3,000 bits to 24,000 bits for a 512×512×8 grayscaleimage.

Accordingly, there are needs in the art for new methods and apparatusfor achieving lossless marking that can embed a relatively large amountof data.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with one or more aspects of the present invention, an datahiding encoding method includes: subjecting an original, pixel domainimage to an Integer Wavelet Transform (IWT) to obtain a matrix ofwavelet coefficients; selecting at least one bit plane between a leastsignificant bit plane and a most significant bit plane of the matrix ofwavelet coefficients; compressing the at least one selected bit plane toproduce free space in the at least one selected bit plane; embeddinghidden data in the free space of the at least one compressed bit plane;and subjecting the at least one embedded bit plane and the other bitplanes to an Inverse IWT to produce a marked pixel domain image.

In accordance with one or more further aspects of the present inventiona hidden data decoding method includes: subjecting a marked pixel domainimage to an Integer Wavelet Transform (IWT) to obtain a matrix ofwavelet coefficients; selecting at least one bit plane between a leastsignificant bit plane and a most significant bit plane of the matrix ofwavelet coefficients that contains hidden data; extracting the hiddendata from the at least one bit plane; decompressing the at least one bitplane; and subjecting all bit planes to an Inverse IWT to produce anoriginal pixel domain image.

In accordance with one or more further aspects of the present invention,the methods and apparatus for controlling cache memories described thusfar and/or described later in this document, may be achieved utilizingsuitable hardware, such as that shown in the drawings hereinbelow. Suchhardware may be implemented utilizing any of the known technologies,such as standard digital circuitry, analog circuitry, any of the knownprocessors that are operable to execute software and/or firmwareprograms, one or more programmable digital devices or systems, such asprogrammable read only memories (PROMs), programmable array logicdevices (PALs), any combination of the above, etc. Further, the methodsof the present invention may be embodied in a software program that maybe stored on any of the known or hereinafter developed media.

Other aspects, features and advantages of the present invention willbecome apparent to those skilled in the art when the description hereinis taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

For the purposes of illustration, there are forms shown in the drawingsthat are presently preferred, it being understood, however, that theinvention is not limited to the precise arrangements andinstrumentalities shown.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating the concept of bit planes as usedin pixel (spatial) domain images and/or frequency domain images inaccordance with one or more aspects of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an encoding system for embedding hiddendata in a pixel domain image in accordance with one or more aspects ofthe present invention;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a decoding system for extracting embeddedhidden data from the pixel domain image in accordance with one or moreaspects of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is an illustration of a pixel domain image representing data thatwere hidden in a number of test images in accordance with one or moreaspects of the present invention;

FIG. 5 is an illustration of a pixel domain image in which no hiddendata have been embedded;

FIG. 6 is an illustration of the pixel domain image of FIG. 5 in whichhidden data have been embedded in accordance with one or more aspects ofthe present invention;

FIG. 7 is an illustration of test results indicating peak signal tonoise ratios (PSNR) and corresponding hidden data payload sizes forseveral test images in which hidden data have been embedded inaccordance with one or more aspects of the present invention;

FIG. 8 is an illustration of comparisons between hidden data payloadsizes for several embedding techniques, including that in accordancewith one or more aspects of the present invention;

FIG. 9 is an illustration of comparisons between an unmodified histogramand a modified histogram of an image in accordance with one or moreaspects of the present invention;

FIG. 10 is an illustration of a specific example of modifying ahistogram to achieve results similar to that of FIG. 9 in accordancewith one or more aspects of the present invention;

FIG. 11 is an illustration of the specific histogram data before,during, and after modification in accordance with one or more aspects ofthe present invention; and

FIG. 12 is an illustration of how information concerning themodification to the histogram may be recorded for later use in apost-processing step in accordance with one or more aspects of thepresent invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In general, the present invention is directed to methods and apparatusfor hiding (embedding) a relatively large amount of data in an image,where the original image may be recovered without any (or anysubstantial) distortion from the marked image after the hidden data havebeen extracted. The methods and apparatus hide the data and overheaddata, representing bookkeeping information, into high frequencysub-bands of one or more middle bit-planes of integer waveletcoefficients of the original pixel domain (spatial domain) image.

Prior to discussing further details concerning the various aspects ofthe present invention, reference will now be made to FIG. 1, which is ablock diagram illustrating the concept of bit planes as used in pixeldomain images and/or frequency domain images. As shown in theillustrated example, an image may be represented by N×M pixels. Forsimplicity of discussion, each pixel may be represented by 8 bits toquantify the grayscale of the image. It is noted that any number of bitsmay be used to represent each pixel. In this example, therefore, theoriginal pixel image may be arranged into eight separate bit planes: aleast significant bit-plane (the 1^(st) bit-plane), a next leastsignificant bit-plane (the 2^(nd) bit-plane), etc., and a mostsignificant bit-plane (the 8^(th) bit-plane). The 1^(st) bit-planecontains the least significant bit of each 8 bit word representing eachpixel. The 2^(nd) bit-plane contains the next least significant bit ofeach 8 bit word representing each pixel, and so on.

It has been found through experimentation and study of commonly usedgrayscale images that binary 0s and 1s are almost randomly, equallylikely, distributed in the first several “lower” bit-planes. The biasbetween 0s and 1 starts to gradually increase in the several “higher”bit-planes, although this bias is not very large. This kind of biasindicates the existence of redundancy in the bits, and in accordancewith various aspects of the invention, implies that one may compressbits in a bit-plane or more than one bit-plane so as to leave free spaceto hide data. To achieve a larger bias as between 0s and 1s, which maybe exploited to achieve larger free space, image transforms may beemployed. For example, an Integer Wavelet Transform (IWT) may be used totransform an image form the pixel domain to the frequency domain. Forexample, the CDF(2, 2) and similar series used in the JPEG2000 standardmay be employed. The forward transform and the inverse transform of theCDF(2, 2) Integer Wavelet Transform are as follows:

a. Forward Transform

-   -   2. Splitting: s_(i)←x_(2i)□d_(i)←x_(2i+)1    -   3. Dual lifting: d_(i)←d_(i)−{(s_(i)+s_(i+1))/2}    -   4. Primary lifting: s_(i)←s_(i)+{(d_(i−1)+d_(i))/4}

a. Inverse Transform

-   -   5. Inverse primal lifting: s_(i)←s_(i)−{(d_(i−1)+d_(i))/4}    -   6. Inverse dual lifting: d_(i)←d_(i)+{(s_(i)+s_(i+1))/2}    -   7. Merging: x_(2i)←s_(i)□x_(2i+1)←d_(i)

Further details of the IWT maybe found, for example, in A. R.Calderbank, I. Daubechies, W. Sweldens and B. Yeo, “Wavelet TransformsThat Map Integers To Integers,” Applied and Computational HarmonicAnalysis, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 332-369 (1998). The IWT is a desirabletransform because it can reveal more redundancy to embed more data whileavoiding round-off error.

Experimental study of commonly used images has revealed that a largerbias may be achieved between binary 0s and 1s starting from the 2^(nd)bit-plane of the IWT coefficients of a pixel domain image, as comparedto the bias of the pixel domain image itself. Further, the higher thebit-plane, the larger the apparent bias. Bit plane allocation relates tothe allocation of the data to be embedded into sub-bands andcorresponding bit-planes of the wavelet transform. The LSB (leastsignificant bit) replacement method in the wavelet domain appears toperform better than that in the spatial domain because the wavelet iscloser to human visual system (HVS). The HVS model points out differentinsensitivities among different level sub-bands. The lower level asub-band belongs to, the more insensitive to the HVS it is. In the samelevel, the HH sub-band is the least sensitive, the HL and the LHsub-bands are the next, and the LL sub-band is the most. Moreinsensitive to HVS means that more data can be embedded without causingnotable visual artifacts. Thus, a change made in a high bit-plane willlead to a larger distortion. Thus, in order to have the marked imageperceptually the same as the original image, it is preferred that thehidden data is embedded in a “middle” bit-plane in the IWT domain.

It is also desirable to achieve high PSNR (peak signal to noise ratio)in the marked image. To achieve this feature, it is preferred that thedata are embedded in the high frequency sub-bands in accordance withvarious aspects of the present invention. It is most preferred that theembedded data are hidden in the LH₁ , HL₁and HH₁ sub-bands of one ormultiple middle bit-planes.

Reference is now made to FIG. 2, which is a block diagram of an encodingsystem 100 for embedding hidden data in a pixel domain image inaccordance with one or more aspects of the present invention. The system100 includes a pre-processing unit 102, an IWT unit 104, a compressionunit 106, an embedding unit 108, and an IIWT unit 110.

The pre-processing unit 102 is preferably operable to modify a histogramof the original image. Indeed, when certain aspects of the presentinvention are employed to embed hidden data in an image, it is possiblefor the marked image to have one or more pixels represented byoverflow/underflow values, such as values representing the grayscale ofthe image. In particular, an overflow/underflow grayscale value mayexceed an upper bound and/or a lower bound defined by the number of bitsrepresenting each pixel. For example, when the pixels of an image arerepresented by 8-bit words, an overflow gray scale value may exceed 255(the upper bound of an 8-bit word). Similarly, an underflow grayscalevalue may fall below a lower bound of zero. It is believed that thepossibility for overflow/underflow is caused by changes taking place inthe selected bit plane, such as exists when the high frequency IWTcoefficients are modified to include the embedded data.

In this regard, the pre-processing unit 102 is preferably operable toremove values at the extremes of the histogram, such as at zero (or nearzero) and at 255 (or near 255). Indeed, it is understood that ahistogram may be represented by points plotted in a Cartesian coordinatesystem in which discrete intensity levels exist along an ordinate axisand numbers of pixels having such intensity levels exist along anabscissa axis. The pre-processing unit 102 preferably operates to modifyany data plotted near extremes of the ordinate axis toward more moderatelocations. This advantageously mitigates against any overflow/underflowthat may occur when modifications are made to the selected bit plane,particularly at the high frequency IWT coefficients.

The pre-processed original image (i.e., the image having a modifiedhistogram) is passed on to the IWT unit 104. It is noted thatinformation concerning exactly how the histogram was modified by thepre-processing unit 102 is also forwarded to the embedding unit 108 suchthat the marked image will contain the information. In this way, apost-process may reverse the histogram modification in order to recoverthe hidden data and recover the original image. The IWT unit 104 ispreferably operable to subject the original image (as modified by thepre-processing unit 102) to the well-known Integer Wavelet Transformedin order to produce a matrix of wavelet coefficients.

One or more of the bit-planes of the wavelet coefficients are passed tothe compression unit 106 and the remaining bit-planes of the matrix ofwavelet coefficients are passed to the embedding unit 108. Indeed, atleast one bit plane between a least significant bit plane and a mostsignificant bit plane of the wavelet coefficients is selected to receivethe hidden data. As discussed above, in order to have the marked imageperceptually the same as the original image, it is preferred that thebit-plane selected to receive the hidden data is a “middle” bit-plane inthe IWT domain. The compression unit 106 is preferably operable tosubject the wavelet coefficients to an entropy coding algorithm.Although any of the known entropy coating algorithms may be employed,such as the arithmetic lossless coating algorithm, it is most preferredthat the well-known JBIG lossless coding technique is employed becauseof its superior compression ratio. Further details concerning thearithmetic coding algorithm may be found in Y. Q. Shi and H. Sun, “Imageand Video Compression for Multimedia Engineering,” Boca Raton, Fla.:CRC, (1999).

A compressed bit stream may be produced by the compression unit 106, forexample, utilizing a zig-zag scanning pattern.

The compressed bit stream, the information concerning the histogrampreprocessing, the mark data, and an optional secret key are preferablyprovided to the embedding unit 108. The embedding unit 108 is preferablyoperable insert the hidden data and the information concerningpre-processing into the free space of the one or more selected bitplanes. As discussed above, it is preferred that the hidden data areembedded in the high frequency sub-bands of the one or more selected bitplanes. It is most preferred that the high frequency sub-bands are atleast one of the LH₁, the HL₁, and the HH₁ sub-bands. The secret key maybe utilized to define the organization and/or coding of how the hiddendata and/or pre-processing data are embedded into the one or moreselected bit planes. Thus, the hidden data may remain secret even if thealgorithm for decoding a marked image is known.

Thereafter, the marked image in the frequency domain is transformed intothe spatial domain utilizing the Inverse Integer Wavelet Transformcarried out by the IIWT unit 110.

Reference is now made to FIG. 3, which is a block diagram of a decodingsystem 200 for extracting embedded hidden data and an original spatialimage in accordance with one or more aspects of the present invention.The decoding system 200 includes an IWT unit 202, an extracting unit204, a decompression unit 206, an IIWT unit 208, and a post-processingunit 210.

The IWT unit 202 is preferably operable to subject the marked image tothe Integer Wavelet Transform in order to convert the marked image fromthe spatial domain into the frequency domain and to produce a matrix ofIWT coefficients. The extracting unit 204 is operable to remove thehidden data and the information concerning pre-processing (i.e., themodifications made to the histogram) from the matrix of IWTcoefficients. It is noted that if a secret key was utilized to embed thedata in the encoding system 100 (FIG. 2) then the secret key may benecessary in order to extract such data at the decoder 200.

The selected bit-plane or planes that were compressed in the encodingsystem 100 are preferably subject to decompression 206 utilizing anappropriate inverse entropy coding algorithm. The output of thedecompression unit 206, together with the matrix of coefficients fromthe IWT unit 202 produces a matrix of IWT coefficients that are inputinto the IIWT 208. The IIWT unit 208 converts the IWT coefficients fromthe frequency domain into the spatial domain, i.e., into a matrix ofpixel values. The information concerning histogram modification carriedout by the pre-processing unit 102 of the encoding system 100 ispreferably utilized by the post-processing unit 210, which is basicallyan inverse algorithm to recover the original histogram information ofthe original image.

It is noted that the discussion herein concerning the hiding of data inbit planes representing the grayscale of an image may be readily appliedby one skilled in the art to hiding data in bit planes representing thecolor information of an image. Indeed, the bit planes representing red,blue, and/or green (or any other color representation scheme) may beembedded with hidden data in accordance with the various aspects of thepresent invention.

The encoding and decoding techniques in accordance with various aspectsof the present invention have been experimentally applied to a number ofdifferent images with successful results. For example, various encodingalgorithms of the invention have been applied to grayscale images andmedical images. FIG. 4, illustrates hidden data that were embedded intoa number of images. The hidden data constitute a binary logo image,equivalent to a binary sequence of 23,040 bits. For comparison purposes,the well-known image of “Lena” illustrated in FIG. 5 has not beenembedded with any hidden data.

This original Lena pixel image is 512×512×8 bits. Using the variousfeatures of the present invention, the data of FIG. 4 as well asbook-keeping data (pre-processing histogram modification data), and thelosslessly compressed data of one or more of the bit-planes of the Lenaimage were combined to produce the marked Lena image of FIG. 6. Inparticular, the original 5^(th) bit-plane of the IWT coefficients of theoriginal Lena image was selected to receive the mark data and thepre-processing information. The 5^(th) bit-plane of the IWT coefficientswas subjected to arithmetic entropy coding to produce free space in thatbit plane and all the data were embedded into the high frequencysub-bands of this bit plane. More particularly, the hidden data wereembedded into the high frequency sub-bands LH₁, HL₁ and HH₁ of the5^(th) bit-plane.

Pre-processing was also carried out on the original Lena image using thefollowing histogram modification algorithm: the lowest and the highest16 grayscale values were mapped to grayscale values 15 and 240,respectively. In this way, the overflow/underflow is avoided. In orderto recover the original image losslessly, the data representing thenecessary book-keeping information were also hidden as overhead.

A secret key was also used to define the form of the embedded data. Thesecret key function used was y=(k0+k1×x) mod s, in which k0=1030,k1=289, s=3×256×256, and x, y are the coordinates in the 5^(th)bit-plane.

It is noted that there are no perceptible artifacts in the marked Lenaimage of FIG. 6, although as illustrated in FIG. 7, the PSNR of themarked image is not as particularly high. FIG. 7 also shows the PSNR andlay load values demonstrated on a number of other images. Even thoughthe PSNR of the marked pepper image is only 29.11 dB, there were no anyannoying structural interferences that could be observed. Theexperimental results demonstrated that the low PSNR was attributable tothe histogram modification in the pre-processing stage.

FIG. 8 illustrates a comparison between existing lossless markingtechniques and the techniques enjoyed by the present invention in termsof pay-load.

Although the specific histogram modification technique described abovemay be used, any of the known histogram modification or grayscalemapping techniques may be used to prevent overflow/underflow inaccordance with various aspects of the present invention. Furtherdetails regarding a preferred histogram modification technique will nowbe provided. In order to prevent overflow/underflow after the inversewavelet transform, the pre-processing histogram modification preferablynarrows the histogram from both sides as shown in FIG. 9. In narrowingdown a histogram to the range G/2, 255-G/2, the histogram modificationinformation should be recorded as part of the embedded data. Thus, theembedded data include three parts: the watermark signal, bookkeepinginformation of the histogram modification, and losslessly compresseddata from the original bit-planes.

In order to illustrate the histogram modification, an illustrative,simplified example will now be described in which the size of anoriginal image is 6×6 with 8=2³ grayscales (6×6×3) as shown in FIG. 10.From FIG. 10 and FIG. 11, it can be seen that the range of the modifiedhistogram is from 1-6 instead of 0-7. In other words, no pixel assumes agrayscale of 0 and/or 7. After modification, the grayscale of 1 ismerged into the grayscale of 2. The grayscale of 0 becomes the grayscaleof 1. In the same way, the grayscale of 6 is merged into the grayscaleof 5. And the grayscale of 7 becomes the grayscale of 6.The details ofthe differences in the histogram of the image before and aftermodification are shown in FIGS. 10 and 11.

With reference to FIG. 12 the bookkeeping information concerning whatchanges were made to the histogram illustrated. The scan sequence fromthe left hand side (101101) in FIG. 12 shows that both second and fifth“2” in FIG. 10 are “1” in FIG. 10 originally by scanning as follows:(<x=5, y=1>,<(x=1, y=4>). The scan sequence from the right hand side(11011) in FIG. 12 shows that the third “5” by scanning (<x=4,y=2>) inFIG. 10 is “6” in FIG. 10 originally.

Using the alternative pre-processing histogram modification techniquedescribed above and by using more than one bit plane in which to hidedata, a significant improvement in PSNR and payload may be achieved ascompared to the results of FIG. 7 above. Indeed, as to the Lena image:with a PSNR of 35 dB, a payload of 0.5 bpp (bits per pixel), i.e.,131,072 bits, can be hidden inside a 512×512 grayscale image. With aPSNR of 44 dB, a payload of 0.15 bpp, i.e., 39,321 bits, can be hiddeninside the 512×512 grayscale image.

Advantageously, various aspects of the present invention permit thehiding (embedding) of a relatively large amount of data in an image,where the original image may be recovered without substantial (or any)distortion from the marked image after the hidden data have beenextracted.

Although the invention herein has been described with reference toparticular embodiments, it is to be understood that these embodimentsare merely illustrative of the principles and applications of thepresent invention. It is therefore to be understood that numerousmodifications may be made to the illustrative embodiments and that otherarrangements may be devised without departing from the spirit and scopeof the present invention as defined by the appended claims.

1. A method, comprising: preprocessing an original pixel domain image tomodify any data plotted at extremes of an ordinate axis of the originalpixel domain image; subjecting the preprocessed pixel domain image to anInteger Wavelet Transform (IWT) to obtain a matrix of waveletcoefficients; selecting at least one bit plane between a leastsignificant bit plane and a most significant bit plane of the matrix ofwavelet coefficients; compressing the at least one selected bit plane toproduce free space in the at least one selected bit plane; embeddinghidden data in the free space of the at least one compressed bit plane;and subjecting the at least one embedded bit plane and the other bitplanes to an Inverse IWT to produce a marked pixel domain image.
 2. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the at least one selected bit plane is takenfrom a range of about a 2nd bit plane and a 6th bit plane of the matrixof wavelet coefficients.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the at leastone selected bit plane is taken from a range of about a 3rd bit planeand a 6th bit plane of the matrix of wavelet coefficients.
 4. The methodof claim 1, wherein the at least one selected bit plane is taken from arange of about a 4th bit plane and a 6th bit plane of the matrix ofwavelet coefficients.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the step ofcompressing the at least one selected bit plane includes using anentropy coding algorithm to produce the free space.
 6. The method ofclaim 5, wherein the entropy coding algorithm arithmetic losslesscoding.
 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the entropy coding algorithmis JBIG lossless coding.
 8. The method of claim 1, further comprisingusing a key to establish one or more parameters defining how the hiddendata is embedded in the free space, wherein knowledge of the key isnecessary to extract the hidden data from the free space.
 9. The methodof claim 1, further comprising embedding the hidden data in highfrequency sub-bands of the selected bit plane.
 10. The method of claim9, wherein the high frequency sub-bands are at least one of a LH₁, a HL₁and a HH₁ sub-band.
 11. The method of claim 1, further comprisingmodifying a histogram of the original image such that one or morelocations at extremes of the histogram are empty prior to embedding theselected bit plane with the hidden data.
 12. The method of claim 11,wherein: the histogram may be represented by points plotted in aCartesian coordinate system in which discrete intensity levels existalong an ordinate axis and numbers of pixels having such intensitylevels exist along an abscissa; and the modification includes moving anydata plotted near extremes of the ordinate axis toward more moderatelocations.
 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising embeddinginformation indicative of the movement of the data away from theextremes of the ordinate axis in the free space prior to subjecting theat least one embedded bit plane to the Inverse IWT.
 14. An apparatusincluding a processor operating under the instructions of a softwareprogram, the software program causing the apparatus to perform actions,comprising: preprocessing an original pixel domain image to modify anydata plotted at extremes of an ordinate axis of the original pixeldomain image; subjecting the preprocessed pixel domain image to anInteger Wavelet Transform (IWT) to obtain a matrix of waveletcoefficients; selecting at least one bit plane between a leastsignificant bit plane and a most significant bit plane of the matrix ofwavelet coefficients; compressing the at least one selected bit plane toproduce free space in the at least one selected bit plane; embeddinghidden data in the free space of the at least one compressed bit plane;and subjecting the at least one embedded bit plane and the other bitplanes to an Inverse IWT to produce a marked pixel domain image.
 15. Theapparatus of claim 14, wherein the at least one selected bit plane istaken from a range of about a 2nd bit plane and a 6th bit plane of thematrix of wavelet coefficients.
 16. The apparatus of claim 14, whereinthe at least one selected bit plane is taken from a range of about a 3rdbit plane and a 6th bit plane of the matrix of wavelet coefficients. 17.The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the at least one selected bit planeis taken from a range of about a 4th bit plane and a 6th bit plane ofthe matrix of wavelet coefficients.
 18. The apparatus of claim 14,wherein the step of compressing the at least one selected bit planeincludes using an entropy coding algorithm to produce the free space.19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the entropy coding algorithmarithmetic lossless coding.
 20. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein theentropy coding algorithm is JBIG lossless coding.
 21. The apparatus ofclaim 14, further comprising using a key to establish one or moreparameters defining how the hidden data is embedded in the free space,wherein knowledge of the key is necessary to extract the hidden datafrom the free space.
 22. The apparatus of claim 14, further comprisingembedding the hidden data in high frequency sub-bands of the selectedbit plane.
 23. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the high frequencysub-bands are at least one of a LH₁, a HL₁ and a HH₁ sub-band.
 24. Theapparatus of claim 14, further comprising modifying a histogram of theoriginal image such that one or more locations at extremes of thehistogram are empty prior to embedding the selected bit plane with thehidden data.
 25. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein: the histogram maybe represented by points plotted in a Cartesian coordinate system inwhich discrete intensity levels exist along an ordinate axis and numbersof pixels having such intensity levels exist along an abscissa; and themodification includes moving any data plotted near extremes of theordinate axis toward more moderate locations.
 26. The apparatus of claim25, further comprising embedding information indicative of the movementof the data away from the extremes of the ordinate axis in the freespace prior to subjecting the at least one embedded bit plane to theInverse IWT.
 27. A computer-readable storage medium containing asoftware program operable to cause an apparatus including a processoroperating under the instructions of the software program to performactions, comprising: preprocessing an original pixel domain image tomodify any data plotted at extremes of an ordinate axis of the originalpixel domain image; subjecting the processed pixel domain image to anInteger Wavelet Transform (IWT) to obtain a matrix of waveletcoefficients; selecting at least one bit plane between a leastsignificant bit plane and a most significant bit plane of the matrix ofwavelet coefficients; compressing the at least one selected bit plane toproduce free space in the at least one selected bit plane; embeddinghidden data in the free space of the at least one compressed bit plane;and subjecting the at least one embedded bit plane and the other bitplanes to an Inverse IWT to produce a marked pixel domain image.
 28. Anapparatus, comprising: means for preprocessing an original pixel domainimage to modify any data plotted at extremes of an ordinate axis of theoriginal pixel domain image; means for subjecting the preprocessed pixeldomain image to an Integer Wavelet Transform (IWT) to obtain a matrix ofwavelet coefficients; means for selecting at least one bit plane betweena least significant bit plane and a most significant bit plane of thematrix of wavelet coefficients; means for compressing the at least oneselected bit plane to produce free space in the at least one selectedbit plane; means for embedding hidden data in the free space of the atleast one compressed bit plane; and means for subjecting the at leastone embedded bit plane and the other bit planes to an Inverse IWT toproduce a marked pixel domain image.
 29. A method, comprising:subjecting a marked pixel domain image to an Integer Wavelet Transform(IWT) to obtain a matrix of wavelet coefficients; selecting at least onebit plane between a least significant bit plane and a most significantbit plane of the matrix of wavelet coefficients that contains hiddendata; extracting the hidden data from the at least one bit plane;decompressing the at least one bit plane; subjecting all bit planes toan Inverse IWT; and postprocessing the output of the Inverse IWT torecover original histogram information and produce an original pixeldomain image.
 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the at least one bitplane is taken from a range of about a 2nd bit plane and a 6th bit planeof the matrix of wavelet coefficients.
 31. The method of claim 29,wherein the at least one bit plane is taken from a range of about a 3rdbit plane and a 6th bit plane of the matrix of wavelet coefficients. 32.The method of claim 29, wherein the at least one bit plane is taken froma range of about a 4th bit plane and a 6th bit plane of the matrix ofwavelet coefficients.
 33. The method of claim 29, wherein the step ofdecompressing the at least one bit plane includes using an inverseentropy coding algorithm.
 34. The method of claim 33, wherein theinverse entropy coding algorithm is one of an arithmetic lossless codingtechnique, and a JBIG lossless coding technique.
 35. The method of claim29, further comprising using a key to establish one or more parametersdefining how the hidden data was embedded in the at least one bit planeto extract the hidden data.
 36. The method of claim 29, wherein thehidden data were embedded in high frequency sub-bands of the selectedbit plane.
 37. The method of claim 36, wherein the high frequencysub-bands are at least one of a LH₁, a HL₁ and a HH₁ sub-band.
 38. Themethod of claim 29, wherein: a histogram of the original image wasmodified such that one or more locations at extremes of the histogramwere empty prior to embedding the at least one bit plane with the hiddendata.
 39. The method of claim 38, wherein information regarding how thehistogram of the original image was modified is included in the hiddendata.
 40. The method of claim 39, further comprising reversing themodification to the histogram using the information regarding how thehistogram of the original image was modified.
 41. An apparatus includinga processor operating under the instructions of a software program, thesoftware program causing the apparatus to perform actions, comprising:subjecting a marked pixel domain image to an Integer Wavelet Transform(IWT) to obtain a matrix of wavelet coefficients; selecting at least onebit plane between a least significant bit plane and a most significantbit plane of the matrix of wavelet coefficients that contains hiddendata; extracting the hidden data from the at least one bit plane;decompressing the at least one bit plane; subjecting all bit planes toan Inverse IWT; and postprocessing the output of the Inverse IWT torecover original histogram information and produce an original pixeldomain image.
 42. The apparatus of claim 41, wherein the at least onebit plane is taken from a range of about a 2nd bit plane and a 6th bitplane of the matrix of wavelet coefficients.
 43. The apparatus of claim41, wherein the at least one bit plane is taken from a range of about a3rd bit plane and a 6th bit plane of the matrix of wavelet coefficients.44. The apparatus of claim 41, wherein the at least one bit plane istaken from a range of about a 4th bit plane and a 6th bit plane of thematrix of wavelet coefficients.
 45. The apparatus of claim 41, whereinthe step of decompressing the at least one bit plane includes using aninverse entropy coding algorithm.
 46. The apparatus of claim 45, whereinthe inverse entropy coding algorithm is one of an arithmetic losslesscoding technique, and a JBIG lossless coding technique.
 47. Theapparatus of claim 41, further comprising using a key to establish oneor more parameters defining how the hidden data was embedded in the atleast one bit plane to extract the hidden data.
 48. The apparatus ofclaim 41, wherein the hidden data were embedded in high frequencysub-bands of the selected bit plane.
 49. The apparatus of claim 48,wherein the high frequency sub-bands are at least one of a LH₁, a HL₁and a HH₁ sub-band.
 50. The apparatus of claim 41, wherein: a histogramof the original image was modified such that one or more locations atextremes of the histogram were empty prior to embedding the at least onebit plane with the hidden data.
 51. The apparatus of claim 50, whereininformation regarding how the histogram of the original image wasmodified is included in the hidden data.
 52. The apparatus of claim 51,further comprising reversing the modification to the histogram using theinformation regarding how the histogram of the original image wasmodified.
 53. A computer-readable storage medium containing a softwareprogram operable to cause an apparatus including a processor operatingunder the instructions of the software program to perform actions,comprising: subjecting a marked pixel domain image to an Integer WaveletTransform (IWT) to obtain a matrix of wavelet coefficients; selecting atleast one bit plane between a least significant bit plane and a mostsignificant bit plane of the matrix of wavelet coefficients thatcontains hidden data; extracting the hidden data from the at least onebit plane; decompressing the at least one bit plane; subjecting all bitplanes to an Inverse IWT; and postprocessing the output of the InverseIWT to recover original histogram information and produce an originalpixel domain image to produce.
 54. An apparatus, comprising: means forsubjecting a marked pixel domain image to an Integer Wavelet Transform(IWT) to obtain a matrix of wavelet coefficients; means for selecting atleast one bit plane between a least significant bit plane and a mostsignificant bit plane of the matrix of wavelet coefficients thatcontains hidden data; means for extracting the hidden data from the atleast one bit plane; means for decompressing the at least one bit plane;means for subjecting all bit planes to an Inverse IWT; andpostprocessing the output of the Inverse IWT to recover originalhistogram information and produce an original pixel domain image.